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三、名詞解釋

1. terminology

【答案】Terminology consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas.

【解析】術語指特定學科和學術領域所使用的專有名詞。

2. compounds

【答案】Compounding, also called composition, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. Words formed in this way are called compounds.

【解析】復合法指由兩個或更多的詞干相結合而構成新詞。以此種方式形成的詞被稱為復合詞。

3. homonyms

【答案】Homonyms are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.

【解析】同形同音異義詞指在讀音和拼寫上或者只是在讀音或拼寫上相同而詞義不同的詞。

4. phrasal verbs

【答案】Phrasal verbs are idioms which are composed of a verb plus a prep and/or a particle.

【解析】短語動詞是由一個動詞外加一個介詞和/或小品詞構成的習語。

5. context (in narrow sense)

【答案】In a narrow sense, it refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears. This is known as linguistic context, which may cover a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book.

【解析】狹義上講，語境是指一個詞所在的詞群、從句和句群環境，這稱為語言環境，可以包括一個段落，一個章節，甚至整個一本書。

四、簡答題

1. What is free morpheme?

【答案】Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free.

These morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. They are identical with root words, as each of them consists of a single free root, for example, man, earth, wind, car, anger.

【解析】彼此之間互相獨立的詞素叫自由詞素。這些詞素本身具有完整的意義，在句子中可以用作自由語法單位。自由詞素與根詞一致，因為根詞就是由單個的自由詞素構成的。

2. Combine the following affixes into a compound word:

out break baby sit cry in sweet bitter

【答案】out break, bitter-sweet, crybaby, sit-in

【解析】out break（爆發）, crybaby（愛哭的人）, sit-in（靜坐抗議；靜坐罷工）都是名詞復合詞，bitter-sweet（苦樂參半的；又苦又甜的）是形容詞復合詞。

3. Explain what causes ambiguity in the sentence He is a hard businessman.

【答案】

I. (Source of the ambiguity) The ambiguity of the sentence is caused by the word hard which is a polysemantic word.

II. (Analysis of the word) The word hard in this context can mean both ‘hardworking’ and ‘difficult’. The context fails to narrow down the meaning so that it is difficult for the reader to decide what exactly the speaker means.

III. (Improvement of the ambiguity) There would be no misunderstanding if the original sentence is extended as “He is a hard businessman to deal with”.

【解析】此句話是由多義詞hard造成的。

4. Explain radiation of word-meaning development.

【答案】Radiation is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rays. The meanings are independent of one another, but can all be traced back to the central meaning.

【解析】輻射型以原始意義為中心，從原始意義發展而來的次要意義就像射線那樣四處散去，意義之間互不關聯，但都可追蹤到核心意義。

五、論述題

1. What is the stylistic meaning of the following word: domicile, residence, abode, home?

【答案】

Apart from their conceptual meanings, many words have stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different contexts. These distinctive features form the stylistic meanings of words.

This stylistic difference is especially true of synonyms. It is observed that there are few words which have both the same conceptual meaning and the stylistic meaning.

domicile (very formal, official)

residence (formal)

abode (poetic)home (general)

【解析】除了概念意義外，很多詞帶有文體特征，這使得它們適合于不同的語境。這些區別性的特征構成了詞的文體意義。文體差異對同義詞而言尤其如此。很少有詞既有相同的概念意義，又有相同的文體意義。

2. Explain the characteristics of antonyms according to the sentences.

a. How tall is his brother?

b. How short is his brother?

【答案】

Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. Pairs of antonyms are seen as marked and unmarked terms respectively. In many pairs we find that one member is more specific than the other and the meaning of the specific is included in that of the general.

So far as the meaning is concerned, sentence [a] includes the meaning of [b]. The use of tall does not exclude the possibility of his brother being very short. But sentence [b] is much more restricted in sense and is considered semantically abnormal unless the speaker is particularly interested in the “shortness” of his brother or curious enough to find out how short his brother is.

【解析】反義詞在語義包容上存在差異。成對的反義詞分別被看作是有標記項和無標記項。在很多反義詞對中，我們發現其中的一個比另外一個更為具體，而且這些具體詞的意義被包含于那些一般詞的意義之中。

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